This is Info file ../../info/xemacs.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.63
from the input file xemacs.texi.

   This file documents the XEmacs editor.

   Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.  Copyright (C)
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Lucid, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1993, 1994 Sun
Microsystems, Inc.  Copyright (C) 1995 Amdahl Corporation.

   Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also
that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

   Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that the sections entitled "The GNU Manifesto",
"Distribution" and "GNU General Public License" may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Top,  Next: License,  Up: (dir)

   The XEmacs Editor *****************

   XEmacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
display editor.  This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
some of how to customize it, but not how to extend it.  It corresponds
to XEmacs version 20.0.

   This manual is intended as a detailed reference to XEmacs.  If you
are looking for an introductory manual, see the New User's Guide.

* Menu:

* License::     The GNU General Public License gives you permission
		to redistribute XEmacs on certain terms; and also
		explains that there is no warranty.
* Distrib::     How to get XEmacs.
* Intro::       An introduction to XEmacs concepts.
* Glossary::    The glossary.
* Manifesto::   What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!

Indices, nodes containing large menus
* Key Index::      An item for each standard XEmacs key sequence.
* Command Index::  An item for each command name.
* Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
* Concept Index::  An item for each concept.

Important General Concepts
* Frame::      How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* Keystrokes::  Keyboard gestures XEmacs recognizes.
* Pull-down Menus::
                The XEmacs Pull-down Menus available under X.
* Entering Emacs::
                Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Exiting::     Stopping or killing XEmacs.
* Command Switches::
                Hairy startup options.

Fundamental Editing Commands
* Basic::       The most basic editing commands.
* Undo::        Undoing recently made changes in the text.
* Minibuffer::  Entering arguments that are prompted for.
* M-x::         Invoking commands by their names.
* Help::        Commands for asking XEmacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark::        The mark: how to delimit a "region" of text.
* Mouse Selection::
                Selecting text with the mouse.
* Additional Mouse Operations::
                Other operations available from the mouse.
* Killing::     Killing text.
* Yanking::     Recovering killed text.  Moving text.
* Using X Selections::
                Using primary selection, cut buffers, and highlighted regions.
* Accumulating Text::
                Other ways of copying text.
* Rectangles::  Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
* Registers::   Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display::     Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search::      Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit::       Commands especially useful for fixing typos.

Larger Units of Text
* Files::       All about handling files.
* Buffers::     Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows::     Viewing two pieces of text at once.

Advanced Features
* Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
* Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
* Text::        Commands and modes for editing English.
* Programs::    Commands and modes for editing programs.
* Running::     Compiling, running and debugging programs.
* Abbrevs::     How to define text abbreviations to reduce
                 the number of characters you must type.
* Picture::     Editing pictures made up of characters
                 using the quarter-plane screen model.
* Sending Mail::Sending mail in XEmacs.
* Reading Mail::Reading mail in XEmacs.
* Calendar/Diary:: A Calendar and diary facility in XEmacs.
* Sorting::	Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within XEmacs.
* Shell::       Executing shell commands from XEmacs.
* Narrowing::   Restricting display and editing to a portion
                 of the buffer.
* Hardcopy::	Printing buffers or regions.
* Recursive Edit::
                A command can allow you to do editing
                 "within the command".  This is called a
                 `recursive editing level'.
* Dissociated Press::  Dissociating text for fun.
* CONX::	       A different kind of dissociation.
* Amusements::         Various games and hacks.
* Emulation::	       Emulating some other editors with XEmacs.
* Customization::      Modifying the behavior of XEmacs.

Recovery from Problems.
* Quitting::    Quitting and aborting.
* Lossage::     What to do if XEmacs is hung or malfunctioning.
* Bugs::        How and when to report a bug.

Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

 -- The Detailed Node Listing --

The Organization of the Frame

* Point::	        The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area::           Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame.
* Mode Line::	        Interpreting the mode line.
* XEmacs under X::      Some information on using XEmacs under the X
                        Window System.

Keystrokes

* Intro to Keystrokes::      Keystrokes as building blocks of key sequences.
* Representing Keystrokes::  Using lists of modifiers and keysyms to
                             represent keystrokes.
* Key Sequences::            Combine key strokes into key sequences you can
                             bind to commands.
* String Key Sequences::     Available for upward compatibility.
* Meta Key::                 Using ESC to represent Meta
* Super and Hyper Keys::     Adding modifier keys on certain keyboards.
* Character Representation:: How characters appear in XEmacs buffers.
* Commands::                 How commands are bound to key sequences.

Pull-down Menus

* File Menu::           Items on the File menu.
* Edit Menu::           Items on the Edit menu.
* Apps Menu::		Items on the Apps menu.
* Options Menu::        Items on the Options menu.
* Buffers Menu::        Information about the Buffers menu.
* Tools Menu::		Items on the Tools menu.
* Help Menu::           Items on the Help menu.
* Menu Customization::  Adding and removing menu items and related
                        operations.

Basic Editing Commands

* Blank Lines::        Commands to make or delete blank lines.
* Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the frame.
* Position Info::      What page, line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments::	       Numeric arguments for repeating a command.

The Minibuffer

* File: Minibuffer File.  Entering file names with the minibuffer.
* Edit: Minibuffer Edit.  How to edit in the minibuffer.
* Completion::		  An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
* Repetition::		  Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.

The Mark and the Region

* Setting Mark::	Commands to set the mark.
* Using Region::	Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Marking Objects::	Commands to put region around textual units.
* Mark Ring::   	Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.

Yanking

* Kill Ring::       Where killed text is stored.  Basic yanking.
* Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together.
* Earlier Kills::   Yanking something killed some time ago.

Using X Selections

* X Clipboard Selection::     	Pasting to the X clipboard.
* X Selection Commands::	Other operations on the selection.
* X Cut Buffers::       	X cut buffers are available for compatibility.
* Active Regions::      	Using zmacs-style highlighting of the
                        	 selected region.

Registers

* RegPos::    Saving positions in registers.
* RegText::   Saving text in registers.
* RegRect::   Saving rectangles in registers.

Controlling the Display

* Scrolling::	           Moving text up and down in a window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::   Moving text left and right in a window.
* Selective Display::      Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Display Vars::           Information on variables for customizing display.

Searching and Replacement

* Incremental Search::     Search happens as you type the string.
* Non-Incremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search.
* Word Search::            Search for sequence of words.
* Regexp Search::          Search for match for a regexp.
* Regexps::                Syntax of regular expressions.
* Search Case::            To ignore case while searching, or not.
* Replace::                Search, and replace some or all matches.
* Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Replacement Commands

* Unconditional Replace::  Replacing all matches for a string.
* Regexp Replace::         Replacing all matches for a regexp.
* Replacement and Case::   How replacements preserve case of letters.
* Query Replace::          How to use querying.

Commands for Fixing Typos

* Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
* Transpose::   Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling::    Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.

File Handling

* File Names::       How to type and edit file name arguments.
* Visiting::         Visiting a file prepares XEmacs to edit the file.
* Saving::           Saving makes your changes permanent.
* Reverting::        Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
* Auto Save::        Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
* Version Control::  Version control systems (RCS and SCCS).
* ListDir::          Listing the contents of a file directory.
* Comparing Files::  Finding where two files differ.
* Dired::            "Editing" a directory to delete, rename, etc.
                     the files in it.
* Misc File Ops::    Other things you can do on files.

Saving Files

* Backup::       How XEmacs saves the old version of your file.
* Interlocking:: How XEmacs protects against simultaneous editing
                  of one file by two users.

Backup Files

* Names: Backup Names.		How backup files are named;
				Choosing single or numbered backup files.
* Deletion: Backup Deletion.	XEmacs deletes excess numbered backups.
* Copying: Backup Copying.	Backups can be made by copying or renaming.

Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters

* Files: Auto Save Files.
* Control: Auto Save Control.
* Recover::		Recovering text from auto-save files.

Version Control

* Concepts of VC::		Basic version control information;
				  checking files in and out.
* Editing with VC::		Commands for editing a file maintained
				  with version control.
* Variables for Check-in/out::	Variables that affect the commands used
				  to check files in or out.
* Log Entries::			Logging your changes.
* Change Logs and VC::		Generating a change log file from log
				  entries.
* Old Versions::		Examining and comparing old versions.
* VC Status::			Commands to view the VC status of files and
				  look at log entries.
* Renaming and VC::		A command to rename both the source and
				  master file correctly.
* Snapshots::			How to make and use snapshots, a set of
				  file versions that can be treated as a unit.
* Version Headers::		Inserting version control headers into
				  working files.

Snapshots

* Making Snapshots::		The snapshot facilities.
* Snapshot Caveats::		Things to be careful of when using snapshots.

Dired, the Directory Editor

* Enter: Dired Enter.         How to invoke Dired.
* Edit: Dired Edit.           Editing the Dired buffer.
* Deletion: Dired Deletion.   Deleting files with Dired.
* Immed: Dired Immed.         Other file operations through Dired.

Using Multiple Buffers

* Select Buffer::   Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers::    Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer::     Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
* Kill Buffer::     Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
                     and operate variously on several of them.

Multiple Windows

* Basic Window::     Introduction to XEmacs windows.
* Split Window::     New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window::     Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window::    Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Change Window::    Deleting windows and changing their sizes.

Major Modes

* Choosing Modes::     How major modes are specified or chosen.

Indentation

* Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
* Tab Stops::            You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
                         indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
* Just Spaces::          You can request indentation using just spaces.

Commands for Human Languages

* Text Mode::   The major modes for editing text files.
* Nroff Mode::  The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
* TeX Mode::    The major modes for editing input to the formatter TeX.
* Outline Mode::The major mode for editing outlines.
* Words::       Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences::   Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs::	Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages::	Moving over pages.
* Filling::     Filling or justifying text
* Case::        Changing the case of text

TeX Mode

* Editing: TeX Editing.   Special commands for editing in TeX mode.
* Printing: TeX Print.    Commands for printing part of a file with TeX.

Outline Mode

* Format: Outline Format.	  What the text of an outline looks like.
* Motion: Outline Motion.	  Special commands for moving through outlines.
* Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible.

Filling Text

* Auto Fill::	  Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
* Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
* Fill Prefix::   Filling when every line is indented or in a comment, etc.

Editing Programs

* Program Modes::       Major modes for editing programs.
* Lists::               Expressions with balanced parentheses.
                         There are editing commands to operate on them.
* Defuns::              Each program is made up of separate functions.
                         There are editing commands to operate on them.
* Grinding::            Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Matching::            Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
* Comments::            Inserting, filling and aligning comments.
* Balanced Editing::    Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
* Lisp Completion::     Completion on symbol names in Lisp code.
* Documentation::       Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Change Log::          Maintaining a change history for your program.
* Tags::                Go directly to any function in your program in one
                         command.  Tags remembers which file it is in.
* Fortran::		Fortran mode and its special features.
* Asm Mode::            Asm mode and its special features.

Indentation for Programs

* Basic Indent::
* Multi-line Indent::   Commands to reindent many lines at once.
* Lisp Indent::		Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
* C Indent::		Choosing an indentation style for C code.

Tag Tables

* Tag Syntax::
* Create Tag Table::
* Select Tag Table::
* Find Tag::
* Tags Search::
* Tags Stepping::
* List Tags::

Fortran Mode

* Motion: Fortran Motion.     Moving point by statements or subprograms.
* Indent: Fortran Indent.     Indentation commands for Fortran.
* Comments: Fortran Comments. Inserting and aligning comments.
* Columns: Fortran Columns.   Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev.     Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.

Fortran Indentation

* Commands: ForIndent Commands. Commands for indenting Fortran.
* Numbers:  ForIndent Num.      How line numbers auto-indent.
* Conv:     ForIndent Conv.     Conventions you must obey to avoid trouble.
* Vars:     ForIndent Vars.     Variables controlling Fortran indent style.

Compiling and Testing Programs

* Compilation::        Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp
                        (C, Pascal, etc.)
* Modes: Lisp Modes.   Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with
                       different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
* Libraries: Lisp Libraries.      Creating Lisp programs to run in XEmacs.
* Eval: Lisp Eval.     Executing a single Lisp expression in XEmacs.
* Debug: Lisp Debug.   Debugging Lisp programs running in XEmacs.
* Interaction: Lisp Interaction.  Executing Lisp in an XEmacs buffer.
* External Lisp::      Communicating through XEmacs with a separate Lisp.

Lisp Libraries

* Loading::		Loading libraries of Lisp code into XEmacs for use.
* Compiling Libraries:: Compiling a library makes it load and run faster.
* Mocklisp::		Converting Mocklisp to Lisp so XEmacs can run it.

Abbrevs

* Defining Abbrevs::  Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
* Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
* Editing Abbrevs::   Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs::    Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs::   Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.

Editing Pictures

* Basic Picture::         Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
* Insert in Picture::     Controlling direction of cursor motion
                           after "self-inserting" characters.
* Tabs in Picture::       Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.

Sending Mail

* Format: Mail Format.    Format of the mail being composed.
* Headers: Mail Headers.  Details of allowed mail header fields.
* Mode: Mail Mode.        Special commands for editing mail being composed.

Running Shell Commands from XEmacs

* Single Shell::         How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::    Permanent shell taking input via XEmacs.
* Shell Mode::           Special XEmacs commands used with permanent shell.

Customization

* Minor Modes::     Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
                     independently of any others.
* Variables::       Many XEmacs commands examine XEmacs variables
                     to decide what to do; by setting variables,
                     you can control their functioning.
* Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes
                     to be replayed with a single command.
* Key Bindings::    The keymaps say what command each key runs.
                     By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
* Syntax::          The syntax table controls how words and expressions
                     are parsed.
* Init File::       How to write common customizations in the `.emacs'
                     file.
* Audible Bell::    Changing how XEmacs sounds the bell.
* Faces::           Changing the fonts and colors of a region of text.
* X Resources::	    X resources controlling various aspects of the
                     behavior of XEmacs.

Variables

* Examining::           Examining or setting one variable's value.
* Edit Options::        Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
* Locals::              Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables::      How files can specify variable values.

Keyboard Macros

* Basic Kbd Macro::     Defining and running keyboard macros.
* Save Kbd Macro::      Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
* Kbd Macro Query::     Keyboard macros that do different things each use.

Customizing Key Bindings

* Keymaps::    Definition of the keymap data structure.
               Names of XEmacs's standard keymaps.
* Rebinding::  How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
* Disabling::  Disabling a command means confirmation is required
                before it can be executed.  This is done to protect
                beginners from surprises.

The Syntax Table

* Entry: Syntax Entry.    What the syntax table records for each character.
* Change: Syntax Change.  How to change the information.

The Init File, `~/.emacs'

* Init Syntax::     Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
* Init Examples::   How to do some things with an init file.
* Terminal Init::   Each terminal type can have an init file.

Dealing with XEmacs Trouble

* Stuck Recursive::    `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
* Screen Garbled::     Garbage on the screen.
* Text Garbled::       Garbage in the text.
* Unasked-for Search:: Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
* Emergency Escape::   Emergency escape--
                        What to do if XEmacs stops responding.
* Total Frustration::  When you are at your wits' end.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: License,  Next: Distrib,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
**************************

                       Version 1, February 1989

     Copyright (C) 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
     
     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

Preamble
========

   The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users
at the mercy of those companies.  By contrast, our General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software--to make sure the software is free for all its users.  The
General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's
software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
You can use it for your programs, too.

   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make
sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free
software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
programs; and that you know you can do these things.

   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

   For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must tell them their rights.

   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

                         TERMS AND CONDITIONS

  1. This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which
     contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be
     distributed under the terms of this General Public License.  The
     "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work
     based on the Program" means either the Program or any work
     containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
     modifications.  Each licensee is addressed as "you".

  2. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
     code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
     conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an
     appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep
     intact all the notices that refer to this General Public License
     and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients
     of the Program a copy of this General Public License along with
     the Program.  You may charge a fee for the physical act of
     transferring a copy.

  3. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
     it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of
     Paragraph 1 above, provided that you also do the following:

        * cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating
          that you changed the files and the date of any change; and

        * cause the whole of any work that you distribute or publish,
          that in whole or in part contains the Program or any part
          thereof, either with or without modifications, to be licensed
          at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this
          General Public License (except that you may choose to grant
          warranty protection to some or all third parties, at your
          option).

        * If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
          when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
          interactive use in the simplest and most usual way, to print
          or display an announcement including an appropriate copyright
          notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else,
          saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may
          redistribute the program under these conditions, and telling
          the user how to view a copy of this General Public License.

        * You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a
          copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in
          exchange for a fee.

     Mere aggregation of another independent work with the Program (or
     its derivative) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium
     does not bring the other work under the scope of these terms.

  4. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a portion or
     derivative of it, under Paragraph 2) in object code or executable
     form under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above provided that you
     also do one of the following:

        * accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
          source code, which must be distributed under the terms of
          Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,

        * accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
          years, to give any third party free (except for a nominal
          charge for the cost of distribution) a complete
          machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
          distributed under the terms of Paragraphs 1 and 2 above; or,

        * accompany it with the information you received as to where the
          corresponding source code may be obtained.  (This alternative
          is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
          received the program in object code or executable form alone.)

     Source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
     making modifications to it.  For an executable file, complete
     source code means all the source code for all modules it contains;
     but, as a special exception, it need not include source code for
     modules which are standard libraries that accompany the operating
     system on which the executable file runs, or for standard header
     files or definitions files that accompany that operating system.

  5. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, distribute or transfer the
     Program except as expressly provided under this General Public
     License.  Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense,
     distribute or transfer the Program is void, and will automatically
     terminate your rights to use the Program under this License.
     However, parties who have received copies, or rights to use
     copies, from you under this General Public License will not have
     their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full
     compliance.

  6. By copying, distributing or modifying the Program (or any work
     based on the Program) you indicate your acceptance of this license
     to do so, and all its terms and conditions.

  7. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
     Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
     original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program
     subject to these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any
     further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights
     granted herein.

  8. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new
     versions of the General Public License from time to time.  Such
     new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but
     may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.

     Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the
     Program specifies a version number of the license which applies to
     it and "any later version", you have the option of following the
     terms and conditions either of that version or of any later
     version published by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Program
     does not specify a version number of the license, you may choose
     any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

  9. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
     programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the
     author to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted
     by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software
     Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this.  Our decision
     will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of
     all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
     and reuse of software generally.

                                NO WARRANTY

 10. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
     WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE
     LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
     HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
     WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT
     NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
     FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE
     QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
     PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
     SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

 11. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN
     WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
     MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
     LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL,
     INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR
     INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF
     DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
     OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY
     OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN
     ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.

                      END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=======================================================

   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to humanity, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.

   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

     ONE LINE TO GIVE THE PROGRAM'S NAME AND A BRIEF IDEA OF WHAT IT DOES.
     Copyright (C) 19YY  NAME OF AUTHOR
     
     This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
     the Free Software Foundation; either version 1, or (at your option)
     any later version.
     
     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU General Public License for more details.
     
     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
     along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
     Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

   Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.

   If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:

     Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19YY NAME OF AUTHOR
     Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'.
     This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
     under certain conditions; type `show c' for details.

   The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the
appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than `show w' and `show
c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items--whatever suits your
program.

   You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program,
if necessary.  Here a sample; alter the names:

     Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the
     program `Gnomovision' (a program to direct compilers to make passes
     at assemblers) written by James Hacker.
     
     SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
     Ty Coon, President of Vice

   That's all there is to it!


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Distrib,  Next: Intro,  Prev: License,  Up: Top

Distribution
************

   XEmacs is "free"; this means that everyone is free to use it and
free to redistribute it on a free basis.  XEmacs is not in the public
domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its
distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything
that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed
is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of XEmacs
that they might get from you.  The precise conditions are found in the
GNU General Public License that comes with XEmacs and also appears
following this section.

   The easiest way to get a copy of XEmacs is from someone else who has
it.  You need not ask for permission to do so, or tell any one else;
just copy it.

   If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest version of
XEmacs from the anonymous FTP server `ftp.xemacs.org' in the directory
`/pub/xemacs'.  It can also be found at numerous other archive sites
around the world; check the file `etc/DISTRIB' in an XEmacs
distribution for the latest known list.

Getting Other Versions of Emacs
===============================

   The Free Software Foundation's version of Emacs (called "FSF Emacs"
in this manual and often referred to as "GNU Emacs") is available by
anonymous FTP from `prep.ai.mit.edu'.

   Win-Emacs, an older version of XEmacs that runs on Microsoft Windows
and Windows NT, is available by anonymous FTP from `ftp.netcom.com' in
the directory `/pub/pe/pearl', or from `ftp.cica.indiana.edu' as the
files `wemdemo*.zip' in the directory `/pub/pc/win3/demo'.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Intro,  Next: Glossary,  Prev: Distrib,  Up: Top

Introduction
************

   You are reading about XEmacs, an incarnation of the advanced,
self-documenting, customizable, extensible real-time display editor
Emacs.  XEmacs provides many powerful display and user-interface
capabilities not found in other Emacsen and is mostly upwardly
compatible with GNU Emacs from the Free Software Foundation (referred
to as "FSF Emacs" in this manual).  XEmacs also comes standard with a
great number of useful packages.

   We say that XEmacs is a "display" editor because normally the text
being edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as
you type.  *Note Display: Frame.

   We call XEmacs a "real-time" editor because the display is updated
very frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you
type.  This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
head as you edit.  *Note Real-time: Basic.

   We call XEmacs advanced because it provides facilities that go beyond
simple insertion and deletion: filling of text; automatic indentation of
programs; viewing two or more files at once; and dealing in terms of
characters, words, lines, sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as
expressions and comments in several different programming languages.
It is much easier to type one command meaning "go to the end of the
paragraph" than to find that spot with simple cursor keys.

   "Self-documenting" means that at any time you can type a special
character, `Control-h', to find out what your options are.  You can
also use `C-h' to find out what a command does, or to find all the
commands relevant to a topic.  *Note Help::.

   "Customizable" means you can change the definitions of XEmacs
commands.  For example, if you use a programming language in which
comments start with `<**' and end with `**>', you can tell the XEmacs
comment manipulation commands to use those strings (*note Comments::.).
Another sort of customization is rearrangement of the command set.
For example, you can set up the four basic cursor motion commands (up,
down, left and right) on keys in a diamond pattern on the keyboard if
you prefer.  *Note Customization::.

   "Extensible" means you can go beyond simple customization and write
entirely new commands, programs in the Lisp language to be run by
XEmacs's own Lisp interpreter.  XEmacs is an "on-line extensible"
system: it is divided into many functions that call each other.  You can
redefine any function in the middle of an editing session and replace
any part of XEmacs without making a separate copy of all of XEmacs.
Most of the editing commands of XEmacs are written in Lisp; the few
exceptions could have been written in Lisp but are written in C for
efficiency.  Only a programmer can write an extension to XEmacs, but
anybody can use it afterward.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Frame,  Next: Keystrokes,  Prev: Concept Index,  Up: Top

The XEmacs Frame
****************

Frame
     In many environments, such as a tty terminal, an XEmacs frame
     literally takes up the whole screen.  If you are running XEmacs in
     a multi-window system like the X Window System, the XEmacs frame
     takes up one X window.  *Note XEmacs under X::, for more
     information.

Window
     No matter what environment you are running in, XEmacs allows you
     to look at several buffers at the same time by having several
     windows be part of the frame.  Often, the whole frame is taken up
     by just one window, but you can split the frame into two or more
     subwindows.  If you are running XEmacs under the X window system,
     that means you can have several "XEmacs windows" inside the X
     window that contains the XEmacs frame.  You can even have multiple
     frames in different X windows, each with their own set of
     subwindows.

   Each XEmacs frame displays a variety of information:
   * The biggest area usually displays the text you are editing.  It may
     consist of one window or of two or more windows if you need to
     look at two buffers a the same time.

   * Below each text window's last line is a "mode line" (*note Mode
     Line::.), which describes what is going on in that window.  The
     mode line is in inverse video if the terminal supports that.  If
     there are several XEmacs windows in one frame, each window has its
     own mode line.

   * At the bottom of each XEmacs frame is the "echo area" or
     "minibuffer window"(*note Echo Area::.).  It is used by XEmacs to
     exchange information with the user.  There is only one echo area
     per XEmacs frame.

   * If you are running XEmacs under the X Window System, a menu bar at
     the top of the frame makes shortcuts to several of the commands
     available (*note Pull-down Menus::.).

   You can subdivide the XEmacs frame into multiple text windows, and
use each window for a different file (*note Windows::.).  Multiple
XEmacs windows are tiled vertically on the XEmacs frame.  The upper
XEmacs window is separated from the lower window by its mode line.

   When there are multiple, tiled XEmacs windows on a single XEmacs
frame, the XEmacs window receiving input from the keyboard has the
"keyboard focus" and is called the "selected window".  The selected
window contains the cursor, which indicates the insertion point.  If
you are working in an environment that permits multiple XEmacs frames,
and you move the focus from one XEmacs frame into another, the selected
window is the one that was last selected in that frame.

   The same text can be displayed simultaneously in several XEmacs
windows, which can be in different XEmacs frames.  If you alter the text
in an XEmacs buffer by editing it in one XEmacs window, the changes are
visible in all XEmacs windows containing that buffer.

* Menu:

* Point::	        The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area::           Short messages appear at the bottom of the frame.
* Mode Line::	        Interpreting the mode line.
* XEmacs under X::      Some information on using XEmacs under the X
                        Window System.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Point,  Next: Echo Area,  Prev: Frame,  Up: Frame

Point
=====

   When XEmacs is running, the cursor shows the location at which
editing commands will take effect.  This location is called "point".
You can use keystrokes or the mouse cursor to move point through the
text and edit the text at different places.

   While the cursor appears to point AT a character, you should think
of point as BETWEEN two characters: it points BEFORE the character on
which the cursor appears.  Sometimes people speak of "the cursor" when
they mean "point," or speak of commands that move point as "cursor
motion" commands.

   Each XEmacs frame has only one cursor.  When output is in progress,
the cursor must appear where the typing is being done.  This does not
mean that point is moving.  It is only that XEmacs has no way to show
you the location of point except when the terminal is idle.

   If you are editing several files in XEmacs, each file has its own
point location.  A file that is not being displayed remembers where
point is.  Point becomes visible at the correct location when you look
at the file again.

   When there are multiple text windows, each window has its own point
location.  The cursor shows the location of point in the selected
window.  The visible cursor also shows you which window is selected.  If
the same buffer appears in more than one window, point can be moved in
each window independently.

   The term `point' comes from the character `.', which was the command
in TECO (the language in which the original Emacs was written) for
accessing the value now called `point'.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Echo Area,  Next: Mode Line,  Prev: Point,  Up: Frame

The Echo Area
=============

   The line at the bottom of the frame (below the mode line) is the
"echo area".  XEmacs uses this area to communicate with the user:

   *   "Echoing" means printing out the characters that the user types.
     XEmacs never echoes single-character commands.  Multi-character
     commands are echoed only if you pause while typing them: As soon
     as you pause for more than one second in the middle of a command,
     all the characters of the command so far are echoed.  This is
     intended to "prompt" you for the rest of the command.  Once
     echoing has started, the rest of the command is echoed immediately
     as you type it.  This behavior is designed to give confident users
     fast response, while giving hesitant users maximum feedback.  You
     can change this behavior by setting a variable (*note Display
     Vars::.).

   *   If you issue a command that cannot be executed, XEmacs may print
     an "error message" in the echo area.  Error messages are
     accompanied by a beep or by flashing the frame.  Any input you
     have typed ahead is thrown away when an error happens.

   *   Some commands print informative messages in the echo area.  These
     messages look similar to error messages, but are not announced
     with a beep and do not throw away input.  Sometimes a message
     tells you what the command has done, when this is not obvious from
     looking at the text being edited.  Sometimes the sole purpose of a
     command is to print a message giving you specific information.
     For example, the command `C-x =' is used to print a message
     describing the character position of point in the text and its
     current column in the window.  Commands that take a long time
     often display messages ending in `...' while they are working, and
     add `done' at the end when they are finished.

   *   The echo area is also used to display the "minibuffer", a window
     that is used for reading arguments to commands, such as the name
     of a file to be edited.  When the minibuffer is in use, the echo
     area displays with a prompt string that usually ends with a colon.
     The cursor appears after the prompt.  You can always get out of
     the minibuffer by typing `C-g'.  *Note Minibuffer::.


File: xemacs.info,  Node: Mode Line,  Next: XEmacs under X,  Prev: Echo Area,  Up: Frame

The Mode Line
=============

   Each text window's last line is a "mode line" which describes what is
going on in that window.  When there is only one text window, the mode
line appears right above the echo area.  The mode line is in inverse
video if the terminal supports that, starts and ends with dashes, and
contains text like `XEmacs: SOMETHING'.

   If a mode line has something else in place of `XEmacs: SOMETHING',
the window above it is in a special subsystem such as Dired.  The mode
line then indicates the status of the subsystem.

   Normally, the mode line has the following appearance:

     --CH-XEmacs: BUF      (MAJOR MINOR)----POS------

This gives information about the buffer being displayed in the window:
the buffer's name, what major and minor modes are in use, whether the
buffer's text has been changed, and how far down the buffer you are
currently looking.

   CH contains two stars (`**') if the text in the buffer has been
edited (the buffer is "modified"), or two dashes (`--') if the buffer
has not been edited.  Exception: for a read-only buffer, it is `%%'.

   BUF is the name of the window's chosen "buffer".  The chosen buffer
in the selected window (the window that the cursor is in) is also
XEmacs's selected buffer, the buffer in which editing takes place.  When
we speak of what some command does to "the buffer", we mean the
currently selected buffer.  *Note Buffers::.

   POS tells you whether there is additional text above the top of the
screen or below the bottom.  If your file is small and it is completely
visible on the screen, POS is `All'.  Otherwise, POS is `Top' if you
are looking at the beginning of the file, `Bot' if you are looking at
the end of the file, or `NN%', where NN is the percentage of the file
above the top of the screen.

   MAJOR is the name of the "major mode" in effect in the buffer.  At
any time, each buffer is in one and only one major mode.  The available
major modes include Fundamental mode (the least specialized), Text
mode, Lisp mode, and C mode.  *Note Major Modes::, for details on how
the modes differ and how you select one.

   MINOR is a list of some of the "minor modes" that are turned on in
the window's chosen buffer.  For example, `Fill' means that Auto Fill
mode is on.  `Abbrev' means that Word Abbrev mode is on.  `Ovwrt' means
that Overwrite mode is on.  *Note Minor Modes::, for more information.
`Narrow' means that the buffer being displayed has editing restricted
to only a portion of its text.  This is not really a minor mode, but is
like one.  *Note Narrowing::.  `Def' means that a keyboard macro is
being defined.  *Note Keyboard Macros::.

   Some buffers display additional information after the minor modes.
For example, Rmail buffers display the current message number and the
total number of messages.  Compilation buffers and Shell mode display
the status of the subprocess.

   If XEmacs is currently inside a recursive editing level, square
brackets (`[...]') appear around the parentheses that surround the
modes.  If XEmacs is in one recursive editing level within another,
double square brackets appear, and so on.  Since information on
recursive editing applies to XEmacs in general and not to any one
buffer, the square brackets appear in every mode line on the screen or
not in any of them.  *Note Recursive Edit::.

   XEmacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode
lines.  To enable this feature, type `M-x display-time'.  The
information added to the mode line usually appears after the file name,
before the mode names and their parentheses.  It looks like this:

     HH:MMpm L.LL [D]

(Some fields may be missing if your operating system cannot support
them.) HH and MM are the hour and minute, followed always by `am' or
`pm'.  L.LL is the average number of running processes in the whole
system recently.  D is an approximate index of the ratio of disk
activity to CPU activity for all users.

   The word `Mail' appears after the load level if there is mail for
you that you have not read yet.

   Customization note: the variable `mode-line-inverse-video' controls
whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the
terminal supports it); `nil' means no inverse video.  The default is
`t'.  For X frames, simply set the foreground and background colors
appropriately.

